Fatty acids are synthesized using fatty acid synthases that polymerize and then reduce acetyl-CoA units. These fatty acids contain acyl chains that are extended by a cycle of reactions that add the actyl group, reduce it to an alcohol, dehydrate it to an alkene group and then reduce it again to an alkane group.
In animals and fungi, all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional type I protein. In plants, plasmids and bacteria separate type II enzymes perform each step in the pathway.
Other lipids like terpenes and isoprenoids include the carotenoids and form the largest class of plant natural products. These compounds are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. In animals and archaea, the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA.
In animals and fungi, all these fatty acid synthase reactions are carried out by a single multifunctional type I protein. In plants, plasmids and bacteria separate type II enzymes perform each step in the pathway.
Other lipids like terpenes and isoprenoids include the carotenoids and form the largest class of plant natural products. These compounds are made by the assembly and modification of isoprene units donated from the reactive precursors isopentenyl pyrophosphate and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate. In animals and archaea, the mevalonate pathway produces these compounds from acetyl-CoA.
meanwhile, fat and oil syntheses occur through three stages as follows
Fat that we consume can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glucose provides energy in brain and other tissues. Therefore, it can be concluded that all of the series of catabolism of carbohydrate provide the entry point of fatty acid, glycerol, and aminoacid catabolism, and also can lead to the anabolism process. For example, the result of starch catabolism provides materials for the synthesis process of fat.
- Glycerol Synthesis. Glycerol is synthesized from intermediate compound produced in glycolysis, namely dihydroxi asetone phosphate that later will be converted into glycerol phosphate.
- Fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acid is synthesized from repeated addition of malonil-CoA which is derived from acetyl-CoA.
- Glycerol and fatty acid combination. This is the terminal stage. Glycerol in the form of glycerol phosphate is combined with three other molecules of fatty acid to form triglyceride.
Fat that we consume can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Glucose provides energy in brain and other tissues. Therefore, it can be concluded that all of the series of catabolism of carbohydrate provide the entry point of fatty acid, glycerol, and aminoacid catabolism, and also can lead to the anabolism process. For example, the result of starch catabolism provides materials for the synthesis process of fat.